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The journey, including transfers, takes approximately 5h 35m. The road distance is Get driving directions. Alternatively, you can bus, which costs and takes 5h 35m. Mode details. The quickest flight from Brussels Airport to Amsterdam Schiphol Airport is the direct flight which takes 55 min. Search flights.
Dutch Railways NS is the main passenger railway operator in the Netherlands. Founded in , NS connects all major cities in the Netherlands, and offers night trains, international trains, Intercity direct, and trains to and from the airport. Coaches have toilets, free WiFi and power outlets, plus snacks and drinks for purchase on board.
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Quickest way to get there Cheapest option Distance between. Conditions of entry to Netherlands day mandatory self-quarantine Show More. Rules to follow in Netherlands 1. The role of the police, in contrast, is to restrict use of force to the minimal amount necessary to keep order, and to take human life only as a last resort. As for the police, during research visits to Belgium in February, May, June and September, Human Rights Watch documented 26 incidents in which Belgian federal or local police appeared to engage in abusive or discriminatory behavior during counterterrorism operations.
Ten cases apparently involved excessive use of force, including four beatings. In 25 cases those alleging abuse were Muslims, all but one of North African descent. Only one of the suspects was charged with terrorism offenses but in a case of mistaken identity. Five men targeted in raids and a lawyer for a sixth man described federal police breaking down doors, shouting ethnic or religious slurs, or roughly restraining them although they did not resist arrest.
Four cases included allegations of police beatings. The lawyer alleged that the police struck his client in the head with an assault rifle while he was feeding his 2-year-old son a bottle of milk, knocking the man unconscious and sending the child hurtling toward a wall.
Human Rights Watch reviewed medical records in three of these cases; all described bruises and other trauma consistent with beatings. One described bruises and cuts to the face of the 2-year-old child. Human Rights Watch interviewed 15 men and adolescent boys who alleged that federal or local police insulted, threatened and in four cases slammed them against cars or struck them while carrying out counterterrorism stops-and-searches following the Paris and Brussels attacks.
One year-old boy described being picked up by police and held for six hours soon after the Paris attacks because he was running down a street. He said he was running because he was late to meet a family member. Many of those targeted said the abusive behavior had traumatized them, some to the point that they sought psychological counseling. Some said their employers had dismissed them upon learning their homes had been raided or that they had been detained, even though they had not been charged with any crime.
Parents or lawyers in three cases in which young children were present during raids said the children showed signs of distress for months, including nightmares or fear when seeing police or hearing noise at their doors. Human Rights Watch is not in a position to determine the extent of abuse by the police. However, the multiple complaints we heard from citizens and residents of North African heritage, as well as national and local human rights defenders, suggested a broad mistrust and reluctance to cooperate with the police in minority communities, where a majority of counterterrorism operations have taken place.
Nearly all of those interviewed emphasized that they did not object to the police operations but rather the way they were carried out. Belgian law allows individuals to seek compensation for disproportionate property damage during raids even if the police actions were lawfully executed. In the cases Human Rights Watch investigated, compensation was erratic, varying from one case to another, and often was delayed or appeared to be insufficient. Federal and local authorities should apply zero tolerance for any police abuse and ensure victims have prompt and impartial access to remedies provided under Belgian law.
As the United Nations and European Union have noted, human rights abuses are not only unlawful but can be drivers of terrorism, playing directly to the desires of groups like ISIS to divide the world along the stark lines of Western oppressors versus Muslim oppressed. Human Rights Watch conducted additional interviews by telephone and email from June through October, Human Rights Watch interviewed 23 people alleging physical or verbal abuse, and 10 family members or lawyers representing people who alleged abuse, by the police, soldiers on patrol, or prison authorities.
We also spoke with more than 30 national and local human rights activists, government officials and legislators, Belgium-based security experts, policemen, and journalists. In addition, we reviewed dozens of media clips and social media postings. Human Rights Watch has changed the names of most people we interviewed who alleged abuse by the police, military or branches of government, as they said they feared retaliation from the Belgian authorities or anti-Muslim groups. All aliases used in this report are first names that appear in quotation marks on first reference.
In many cases, we omitted additional details such as specific dates and locations, including of interviews, to further protect those interviewed. Several people who had filed complaints with local human rights defenders declined to speak with us for fear of retaliation; in some cases, their lawyers told them not to speak with us. One man said the police threatened retaliation if he spoke to anyone about his mistreatment. Human Rights Watch researchers conducted interviews in English, French or Flemish, at times using an interpreter. All participants verbally consented to the interviews after being informed of the purpose of the interview, its voluntary nature, and the ways in which the data would be collected and used.
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We informed all those with whom we spoke that they could decline to answer questions or end the interview at any time. We did not offer or provide compensation, apart from modest travel costs, to anyone we interviewed.
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The Kingdom of Belgium, a nation of Belgium has small and growing populations of religious and ethnic minorities. Those from Muslim backgrounds account for six percent of the population. A smaller Muslim population is of Turkish heritage. The manufacturing jobs for immigrants evaporated in subsequent years. Today second-and third-generation non-European immigrants lag far behind in employment, education and opportunities. Although Belgium is one of the wealthiest countries in Europe, its own statistics show that half the people of Moroccan heritage live below the poverty line. Most Muslims in Belgium live in impoverished municipal districts communes within the cities of Brussels, where they comprise nearly one-fourth of the population; in Antwerp, where they account for nearly one-fifth of the population; and in Charleroi, where they represent about 16 percent.
National and local human rights monitors have warned of rising intolerance of ethnic and religious minorities in Belgium in recent years, particularly since the attacks in Brussels in Paris. In recent years more people per capita from Belgium are estimated to have joined or tried to join Islamist militant groups, including the extremist armed group Islamic State, also known as ISIS, than from any other country in Western Europe, according to a number of studies. About four-fifths of people from Belgium identified by the authorities as having joined or tried to join Islamist militant groups are of Moroccan heritage, according Rik Coolsaet, a Belgian expert on violent radicalism.
In recent years, several of the deadliest mass attacks in Western Europe were committed by individuals or cells with a connection to Belgium, and particularly to the Molenbeek district in Brussels. It was also a stopover for the knife-wielding Moroccan man who opened fire and wounded four people in a high-speed train from Brussels to Paris in August The French police suspected the weapons used in the kosher supermarket attack in Paris, which was linked to the attack on the Charlie Hebdo satirical weekly, both in January , came from Molenbeek. Those two sets of attacks killed 16 people.
The Paris attacks killed and the Brussels attacks killed 32—the highest tolls for attacks by extremist armed groups in either country in decades. Not all Islamist militants from or with links to Belgium came from impoverished or marginalized or, for that matter, fervently religious backgrounds.
Their ranks have included home owners, former businessmen, and common criminals including members of criminal gangs.
Some terrorism experts point to a history of disaffection and mistrust of state authorities within the Moroccan diaspora as a potential catalyst. Belgium has convicted 43 suspects and charged 72 others for terrorism-related offenses since the Jewish Museum attacks of May , according to the Justice Ministry. Despite repeated requests, the Justice Ministry did not provide data on charges and convictions since the Paris attacks.
A police oversight commission as well as the media have reported communications breakdowns among the patchwork of federal, regional and local Belgian entities in the aftermaths of the Paris and the Brussels attacks.
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Belgium has up to active terrorism files, including some related to planned attacks, but only to police specially trained to investigate them, according to Claude Moniquet, a Brussels-based security consultant. Like neighboring France, Belgium has responded to extremist armed attacks by deploying soldiers in major cities to help the police maintain public safety. In contrast to France, the Belgian government has not declared a state of emergency or otherwise empowered the police to carry out raids or to place suspects under house arrest without a judicial warrant.
Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have found that the French police conduct during warrantless searches was at times abusive and discriminatory. The Belgian federal government uses a four-tiered national warning system to alert the public to the likelihood of an Islamist militant attack or other major security threats.
Levels 3 and 4 triggered the deployment of solders and increased security at government facilities, ports and borders. A decree creating the warning system does not detail what actions the authorities can take under each level. The ranks of the Belgian federal and local police include almost no Muslims or people of North African or Turkish descent, including in minority communities that have been the focus of counterterrorism operations since The issue of police bias is outside the scope of this report.
Nevertheless, the repeated complaints to Human Rights Watch by Muslims, residents of North African and Turkish heritage, and anti-discrimination activists regarding police operations suggested a problematic mistrust of law enforcement in minority communities.
A federal parliamentary commission is investigating an allegation by one of the three Muslim policemen that anti-Muslim bias prompted a police chief in the Belgian city of Mechelen to block a report he had filed on December 7, regarding the possible hideout of the most-wanted suspect in the Paris attacks.