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Find what to do today, this weekend, or in October. We have reviews of the best places to see in Innsbruck. Der Bodenmaiser "Bretterschachten" gilt als schneesicherste Skilanglaufloipen Deutschlands! Experience winter and snow in summer! Winter World Helsinki brings the wonderful winter of Lapland to Helsinki. In Winter World you can find snow attractions. Auf und abseits der offiziellen Pisten. By targeting oil refineries and factories, they crippled the German war effort by late Hitler ordered the destruction of transport, bridges, industries, and other infrastructure—a scorched earth decree—but Armaments Minister Albert Speer prevented this order from being fully carried out.
Popular support for Hitler almost completely disappeared as the war drew to a close.
Among soldiers and party personnel, suicide was often deemed an honourable and heroic alternative to surrender. First-hand accounts and propaganda about the uncivilised behaviour of the advancing Soviet troops caused panic among civilians on the Eastern Front, especially women, who feared being raped. High numbers of suicides took place in many other locations, including Neubrandenburg dead , Stolp in Pommern 1, dead , [] and Berlin, where at least 7, people committed suicide in Estimates of the total German war dead range from 5.
The Saarland became a protectorate of France under the condition that its residents would later decide by referendum which country to join, and Poland became a separate nation and was given access to the sea by the creation of the Polish Corridor, which separated Prussia from the rest of Germany, while Danzig was made a free city.
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Germany regained control of the Saarland through a referendum held in and annexed Austria in the Anschluss of Some of the conquered territories were incorporated into Germany as part of Hitler's long-term goal of creating a Greater Germanic Reich. Several areas, such as Alsace-Lorraine, were placed under the authority of an adjacent Gau regional district. The Reichskommissariate Reich Commissariats , quasi-colonial regimes, were established in some occupied countries.
Areas placed under German administration included the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , Reichskommissariat Ostland encompassing the Baltic states and Belarus , and Reichskommissariat Ukraine. Part of Poland was incorporated into the Reich, and the General Government was established in occupied central Poland. The Nazis were a far-right fascist political party which arose during the social and financial upheavals that occurred following the end of World War I.
He viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader—at the apex. Party rank was not determined by elections, and positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank. While top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, they had considerable autonomy. This led to a bureaucratic tangle of overlapping jurisdictions and responsibilities typical of the administrative style of the Nazi regime.
Jewish civil servants lost their jobs in , except for those who had seen military service in World War I. Members of the Party or party supporters were appointed in their place. In August , civil servants and members of the military were required to swear an oath of unconditional obedience to Hitler. Most of the judicial system and legal codes of the Weimar Republic remained in place to deal with non-political crimes.
Thousands were arrested and confined indefinitely without trial. A new type of court, the Volksgerichtshof "People's Court" , was established in to deal with political cases. The Nazis used propaganda to promulgate the concept of Rassenschande "race defilement" to justify the need for racial laws.
These laws initially prohibited sexual relations and marriages between Aryans and Jews and were later extended to include "Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring". The law also permitted the Nazis to deny citizenship to anyone who was not supportive enough of the regime. The unified armed forces of Germany from to were called the Wehrmacht defence force. This included the Heer army , Kriegsmarine navy , and the Luftwaffe air force. From 2 August , members of the armed forces were required to pledge an oath of unconditional obedience to Hitler personally.
In contrast to the previous oath, which required allegiance to the constitution of the country and its lawful establishments, this new oath required members of the military to obey Hitler even if they were being ordered to do something illegal.
Nazi Germany
In spite of efforts to prepare the country militarily, the economy could not sustain a lengthy war of attrition. A strategy was developed based on the tactic of Blitzkrieg "lightning war" , which involved using quick coordinated assaults that avoided enemy strong points. Attacks began with artillery bombardment, followed by bombing and strafing runs.
Next the tanks would attack and finally the infantry would move in to secure the captured area. The decision to attack the Soviet Union and the decisive defeat at Stalingrad led to the retreat of the German armies and the eventual loss of the war. The Sturmabteilung SA; Storm Detachment , or Brownshirts, founded in , was the first paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party; their initial assignment was to protect Nazi leaders at rallies and assemblies. After the purge of , the SA was no longer a major force.
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Initially a small bodyguard unit under the auspices of the SA, the Schutzstaffel SS; Protection Squadron grew to become one of the largest and most powerful groups in Nazi Germany. It was dependent on the regular army for heavy weaponry and equipment, and most units were under tactical control of the High Command of the Armed Forces OKW. With recruitment and conscription based only on expansion, by the Waffen-SS could not longer claim to be an elite fighting force.
SS formations committed many war crimes against civilians and allied servicemen. This holding company owned housing corporations, factories, and publishing houses. The most pressing economic matter the Nazis initially faced was the 30 percent national unemployment rate. Hjalmar Schacht , President of the Reichsbank and Minister of Economics, created a scheme for deficit financing in May Capital projects were paid for with the issuance of promissory notes called Mefo bills.
When the notes were presented for payment, the Reichsbank printed money. Hitler and his economic team expected that the upcoming territorial expansion would provide the means of repaying the soaring national debt. In October , the Junkers Aircraft Works was expropriated. From a workforce of 3, people producing units per year in , the industry grew to employ a quarter of a million workers manufacturing over 10, technically advanced aircraft annually less than ten years later.
An elaborate bureaucracy was created to regulate imports of raw materials and finished goods with the intention of eliminating foreign competition in the German marketplace and improving the nation's balance of payments. The Nazis encouraged the development of synthetic replacements for materials such as oil and textiles. Any profits in excess of that amount would be turned over to the Reich. By , Farben regretted making the deal, as excess profits were by then being generated.
Major public works projects financed with deficit spending included the construction of a network of Autobahnen and providing funding for programmes initiated by the previous government for housing and agricultural improvements. Envisioning widespread car ownership as part of the new Germany, Hitler arranged for designer Ferdinand Porsche to draw up plans for the KdF-wagen Strength Through Joy car , intended to be an automobile that everyone could afford. With the outbreak of World War II, the factory was converted to produce military vehicles.
None were sold until after the war, when the vehicle was renamed the Volkswagen people's car. Six million people were unemployed when the Nazis took power in and by there were fewer than a million. By early , the focus shifted towards rearmament.
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By , military expenditures accounted for 73 percent of the government's purchases of goods and services. The Nazi war economy was a mixed economy that combined a free market with central planning. Historian Richard Overy describes it as being somewhere in between the command economy of the Soviet Union and the capitalist system of the United States. Approximately 75 percent were Eastern European. Poor living conditions led to high rates of sickness, injury, and death, as well as sabotage and criminal activity. Foreign workers brought into Germany were put into four classifications: guest workers, military internees, civilian workers, and Eastern workers.
Each group was subject to different regulations.
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The Nazis issued a ban on sexual relations between Germans and foreign workers. By , over a half million women served as auxiliaries in the German armed forces. They also took jobs formerly held by men, especially on farms and in family-owned shops. Very heavy strategic bombing by the Allies targeted refineries producing synthetic oil and gasoline , as well as the German transportation system, especially rail yards and canals. By November, fuel coal was no longer reaching its destinations and the production of new armaments was no longer possible.
During the course of the war, the Nazis extracted considerable plunder from occupied Europe.