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Restless Youth in Ancient Rome

Click here to reset your search filters. Map Me. Last Online: 4 hours ago. Brussels, Belgium. Kindly read all the information before contacting. Last Online: 6 hours ago. Last Online: 8 hours ago. Last Online: 18 Nov, According to tradition, in BC the plebs rebelled for the first time against the arbitrariness of the patricians and refused the draft.

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When the consuls hesitated about taking stiff measures, they were berated by the younger senators for being cowards. They should renounce office if they were incapable of taking decisions. His proposal was greeted with deafening applause by the younger senators.

The older members were against it but had to renounce their opposition in favour of the young men, who resorted to violence. When the latter could achieve absolutely nothing for the people, he resigned from office.

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The people retreated to the Sacred Hill. Once again disunity broke out in the senatorial ranks. The young men were the radicals who would not hear of concessions; the older men, on the contrary, longed for peace. They remembered the disastrous consequences of earlier civil wars, and were dismayed at the cries and rowdy behaviour of the young men, their rivalry, and the unbridled ferocity, the almost physical violence, with which they attacked the consuls. As a last resort, they turned to prayers and tears to win the young over to another viewpoint. If this cannot be achieved, they argued, then it is the young who have to give in.

If they do not restrain their unbridled ambition, then measures will be taken, they will no longer be able to sit as judges and a minimum age will be established for entry into the senate. A second decemvirate, led by the aforementioned Appius Claudius, conducted a reign of terror and distinguished itself by contempt for the people. The elders distanced themselves from them, but the decemviri received the wholehearted support of the younger generation. Each of them surrounded himself with a band of who audacious young fellows robbed their opponents of their possessions, laid hands on their women and thrashed them as if they were slaves if they dared to put up opposition.

Many prominent citizens actually left the city. In BC the patricians opposed the rogatio Terentilia with might and main. Feelings again began to run high. His defender drew attention to his merits as a soldier and excused his hot-headedness on the grounds of his youth. Those qualities in him which gave offence, impetuosity and rashness, were diminishing each day, as he grew older; that in which he was deficient, namely prudence, was daily increasing. The opposition offered by the youth was thereby not broken. Yet they greatly promoted their cause by tempering their fury with a kind of moderation.

During the intervening days on which the tribunes took no action about the law, nothing could have been more peaceable or quiet than those same youths. They would salute plebeians courteously, converse with them, invite them to their houses, assist them in the courts and permit the tribunes to hold their other assemblies without an interruption.

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They never displayed arrogance towards any one, either openly or in private, except when the law came up; at other times they were democratic. By such arts the law was evaded for an entire year. It will be a long time before one can get a further insight—this time on the basis of more trustworthy sources —into the political activities and ambitions of the younger generation. They were, in any case, to borrow a word of O.

Seel, typical Revolutionsjugend. Very few managed to occupy political office under the minimum age—then 30 years of age— but as a group they influenced political life in a considerable way and no politician could allow himself to overlook them. In their day Sulla and Marius were already looking to the younger generation to support their politics.

From their number he supplied false witnesses and forgers; he bade them make light of honour, fortune, and dangers; then, when he has sapped their good repute and modesty, he called for still greater crimes. If there was no immediate motive for wrong-doing, he nevertheless waylaid and murdered innocent as well as guilty; indeed he preferred to be needlessly vicious and cruel rather than to allow their hands and spirits to grow weak through lack of practice.

However, it is probably a distorted picture. For this Catiline, as I think you remember, showed in himself numerous features of excellence, if not firmly modelled, at least drawn in outline.

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He associated with many depraved persons. Yes, but he pretended that he was devoted to men of excellent character.

Men found in him many allurements to debauchery; also certain qualities that were incentives to unflagging toil. The fires of profligacy blazed within him; yet he had a keen interest in the art of war. No, I do not believe that there has ever existed on earth so strange a portent, such a fusion of natural tastes and desires that were contradictory, divergent, and at war amongst themselves. He was caught in the act and accused of sacrilege. Although Clodius had probably supported Cicero in his confrontation with Catiline, the exconsul destroyed his alibi by testifying that Clodius was actually in Rome on the given day.

The great orator had suddenly the highest expectations of him. One fine day Curio came along to unburden himself of his feelings concerning the conduct of Clodius and the triumviri.

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There can be no doubt but that this ambitious youth was aware of the threat the triumviri represented for the republican regime, of the fact that their immoderate puissance would check the political progress of any freelance. By this time Clodius had apparently lost the support of the youth and, like his opponent Milo, used hired professionals members of the proletariat and slaves, including many gladiators for his violent activities.

Cicero had won the youth to his side. He was popular with them as an orator. There can be no doubt but that many idolized him. Caesar—suspected of complicity in the Catiline conspiracy—opposed the execution of some conspirators. Their eyes were on Cicero, but he—however willing he might be, according to Plutarch—shook his head because he feared the mob and the consequences of a totally illegal act. Now that he was shunted out of the political arena, he devoted himself to the study of philosophy, and in this way—again our source is Plutarch—he managed to win the most influential young people to his side.

Curio above all was a formidable opponent of Caesar. The latter claimed that Curio, at the head of a band of youngsters manum iuventutis duce Curione — including Brutus, the later murderer of Caesar, then only 20— had planned a conspiracy with a view to liquidating Pompey. This charge was so transparently false that Vettius himself was clamped in gaol. According to Plutarch, already during his campaigns in the East he tried to hold on to any young people he casually encountered.

Curio —and a wide section of the youth along with him—was, according to Cicero, hostile not only to Caesar but also to Pompey. Others saw Pompey as the defender of republican ideals and therefore took up his cause. One of these was Marcus Cicero, son of the great orator, who already at the age of 17 distinguished himself as commander of a cavalry wing in the battle of Pharsalus.