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Despite all these barriers, the gay men who participated in the current study intended to have children and their parenting intentions were not weaker than lesbian women. In line with our expectations and the gender similarities hypothesis Hyde, , no support was found for the TPB factor self-efficacy to be a stronger predictor for men or for women in predicting the strength of parenting intentions. In line with prior research Kranz et al.
The extent to which self-efficacy predicted the strength of parenting intentions did not differ between gay men and their heterosexual peers. However, contrary to our expectations, no support was found that self-efficacy predicted the strength of parenting intentions to the same extent for gay men and heterosexual men. Noteworthy, the TPB predictors were not equally relevant in predicting the strength of parenting intentions.
Consistent with previous research among men Kranz et al. Certain limitations of this study should be taken into account. First of all, the current study focused on TPB-factors to understand the decision-making process of becoming a parent among childfree gay men. There could be a number of other relevant factors in this decision-making process like internalized and externalized stigmas due to the sexual minority status of gay men Goldberg et al. We recommend that future research take these factors related to minority stress into account. Such research can be embedded in the theoretical framework of the minority stress theory see Meyer, Secondly, we only included people in the sample who intended to have children in the future.
Those who had no parenting intentions were not part of this study. Therefore, the current study does not provide any insight into predicting who will or will not have parental intentions. The purpose of the study was to gain insight into differences in and predictors of the strength of parenting intentions of those who already intend to become. Thirdly, only cisgender gay men, lesbian women and heterosexual men and women were included in the study. Future research should also include bisexual or gender minority people. Partners could influence the parenting intentions of each other, similarly to the findings that partners can influence each other in how they think about internalized stigmas Goldberg et al.
Nevertheless, based on the TPB, we were interested in predictors of the strength of parenthood intention at the individual level. Therefore, the couple level was not taken into account in the current study. Finally, it should be mentioned that the strength of parenting intentions was measured with a single item as was done in prior research e. In addition, a study on the validity of single-item life satisfaction measures showed that single items provided almost equal information compared to a multiple-item scale Cheung and Lucas, This study showed that the strength of parenting intentions was similar across groups based on sexual orientation.
Gay men expressed a similar strength compared to their heterosexual peers. In predicting the strength of parenting intentions, the attitudes regarding future parenthood were the most relevant TPB predictor of the strength of parenting intentions. Those who expressed stronger parenting intentions, expected more positive life changes. This was similar across groups based on sexual orientation but was different based on gender. The extent to which positive life changes predicted the strength of parenting intentions was stronger for men compared to women.
In addition, the stronger the intention to become parents, the less negative life changes men and women expected from becoming parents. This was also particularly true for men. Finally, this study showed moderate evidence for a difference based on sexual orientation. Although the TPB predictor subjective norms was not a strong predictor of the strength of parenting intentions, the acceptance of parents regarding future parenthood predicted to a greater extent the parenting intentions of heterosexual people than of gay men and lesbian women.
Overall, the TPB model seemed not to differ much across groups based on sexual orientation in predicting the strength of parenthood intention.
However, the possibilities for gay and lesbian couples to convert their parenting intentions into behavior that can result in parenthood are not the same compared to their heterosexual peers Riskind and Patterson, ; Riskind and Tornello, If the intention and underlying factors are largely the same for intended parent regardless of sexual orientation, law, and policy makers should make all pathways to becoming parents equally accessible to sexual minority people.
When counseling gay men and lesbian women, reproductive health-care professionals should discuss how to arrange support during and after the transition to parenthood, because gay men and lesbian women cannot always count on acceptance and support from their own parents. In addition, men who intend to become parents have to overcome a number of obstacles to make these intentions a reality.
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Importantly, reproductive health professionals and adoption agencies should pay special attention to men, when it comes to the benefits and costs of future parenthood. Men in need of reproductive assistance have to overcome a number of obstacles to become parents. Assisting these men in keeping the benefits of future parenthood in mind could help support and motivate them to become fathers. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Research Board of the Pennsylvania State University. Participants read consent and checked that they had informed consent before participating in the study.
ST was responsible for recruiting the participants as Principal Investigator and assisted editing the manuscript. HB was Co-investigator. JH took the lead in writing the article and was responsible for the method of analysis. PH gave advice on the method of analysis and conducted the statistical analyses.
All authors made substantial intellectual contributions to the work, revised the manuscript, and approved it for publication. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Read article at publisher's site DOI : This data has been text mined from the article, or deposited into data resources. To arrive at the top five similar articles we use a word-weighted algorithm to compare words from the Title and Abstract of each citation.
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Search articles by 'Henny M W Bos'. Bos HMW 1. Affiliations 3 authors 1. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook. Methods:The study was based on a United States cross-sectional, internet-based survey of childfree people who want to become parents in the future. Conclusion:Those who perceived parenthood as bringing positive life changes, especially for men, expressed stronger parenting intentions.
Free full text. Front Psychol. Published online Mar PMID: Joke T. Tornello , 2 Peter J. Hoffenaar , 1 and Henny M. Bos 1. Samantha L. Peter J. Henny M. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. This article was submitted to Gender, Sex and Sexualities, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology.
Received Nov 30; Accepted Feb The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.
No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Go to:. Introduction There is a growing interest in the parenting intentions of gay men.
Methods The study was based on a United States cross-sectional, internet-based survey of childfree people who want to become parents in the future. Conclusion Those who perceived parenthood as bringing positive life changes, especially for men, expressed stronger parenting intentions. Keywords: gay men, childfree, parenting intentions, theory of planned behavior, intended parents.
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Participants and Procedure The study sample consisted of childfree gay, lesbian, and heterosexual intended parents cisgender women and men who participated in in an internet-based study. Measures Demographics Participants were asked to provide demographic details about themselves and their partner if applicable. Attitudes Beliefs about emotional benefits of parenthood were measured using Idealization of parenthood , an 8-item scale Eibach and Mock, Strength of Parenting Intentions Using Bayesian versions of a 2 men vs.