He also wrote seven works of history, addressing three of them to Henry II of England , advising him how to be a good king and declaring him to be the true descendant of Anglo-Saxon kings.
In his later years, he is thought to have suffered from the kidney stones and arthritis. Aelred died in the winter of —7, probably on 12 January [18] at Rievaulx.
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Gregory of Nazianzus , echoing Aristotle, describes his friendship with Basil the Great as "two bodies with a single spirit". In Roman terminology amicitia means "friendship" and could be between states or individuals. It suggested an equality of status and in practice it might only be an alliance to pursue mutual interests. We mean then by the 'good' those whose actions and lives leave no question as to their honour, purity, equity, and liberality; who are free from greed, lust, and violence; and who have the courage of their convictions.
In Confessions , Augustine of Hippo identifies three phases of friendship: adolescence, early adulthood and adulthood. Adolescent friendships is essentially self-interested comradery. Augustine then describes a close friendship he had as a young adult with a colleague. This was based on love and grew out of shared interests and experiences and what each learned from the other. The third mature phase for Augustine is transcendent in that he loves others "in Christ", in that the focus is on Christ and the point of friendship is to grow closer to Christ with and through friends.
And what was it that I delighted in, but to love, and be loved? Aelred was greatly influenced by Cicero, but later modified his interpretation upon reading Augustine of Hippo 's Confessions. In the Prologue however, he mirrors Augustine 's description of his early adolescence with the speaker describing his time at school, where "the charm of my companions gave me the greatest pleasure.
Among the usual faults that often endanger youth, my mind surrendered wholly to affection and became devoted to love. Nothing seemed sweeter to me, nothing more pleasant, nothing more valuable than to be loved and to love. Aelred was never formally canonised in the manner that was later established, but he became the centre of a cult in the north of England that was officially recognised by Cistercians in In the sixteenth century, before the dissolution of the monastery, John Leland , claims he saw Aelred's shrine at Rievaulx containing Aelred's body glittering with gold and silver.
Much of Aelred's history is known because of the Life written about him by Walter Daniel shortly after his death. Two historians, John Boswell and B. McGuire, have argued that Aelred was homosexual. Evans stated that Boswell's work was "a misguided attempt to prove that people explicitly identified themselves as homosexual throughout European history", and that "[t]his generally collapses in the face of a far more convincing historical literature which has located the emergence of homosexual identities at the end of the nineteenth century".
Dutton summarised as editor of the Companion to Aelred of Rievaulx, the most recent summative on Aelred, that " Aelred confessed in De institutione inclusarum that for a while he surrendered himself to lust, " a cloud of desire arose from the lower drives of the flesh and the gushing spring of adolescence " and " the sweetness of love and impurity of lust combined to take advantage of the inexperience of my youth.
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Aelred's works exhorted chastity among the unmarried and widowed, and fidelity within marriage - condemning sexual relationships and activity outside marriage as sinful. Aelred in the Philippines. A primary school in York is named after him. For his efforts in writing and administration Aelred was called by David Knowles the "St. Bernard of the North. All of Aelred's works have appeared in translation, most in English and in French; the remaining three volumes of his sermons are being translated into English and will appear from Cistercian Publications in — There are already available in French in a five volume edition.
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Extant works [54] by Aelred include:. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Saint Aelred of Rievaulx. Lewis, ed. However, David became king in , when Aelred was 14, and in his lament for David Aelred says he had known David "from the beginning of his age," which might well imply that Aelred had been at the court from around Powicke, London, , ca.
For instance, Walter Daniel records a visitation that Aelred made to Dundrennan. Basil", Oratio Treatise on Friendship and Old Age , E. Shuckburgh, tr. Braceland, tr. New International Encyclopedia 1st ed. New York: Dodd, Mead.
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