The distinguished historian R. Palmer presents the first translation of this work into English in a volume that will quickly become indispensable for French historians, historical sociologists, and political scientists interested in armies and revolutions. The theme of the book is suggested by its French title: "the Revolution armed. This revolution, and this army, activated the idea of the citizen-soldier exemplified by the ancient classical republics, and favored by Jean-jacques Rousseau and other eighteenth-century thinkers, but never before realized on so large and portentous a scale as in France in the s.
He has published widely in France on aspects of the French Revolution. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The French van, pounded by British fire from both sides, had begun to surrender, and the victorious British ships continued to move down the line, bringing Brueys's gun flagship Orient under constant heavy fire.
Orient caught fire under this bombardment, and later exploded. Nelson briefly came on deck to direct the battle, but returned to the surgeon after watching the destruction of Orient. The Battle of the Nile was a major blow to Napoleon's ambitions in the east. The fleet had been destroyed: Orient , another ship and two frigates had been burnt, seven gun ships and two gun ships had been captured, and only two ships-of-the-line and two frigates escaped, [] while the forces Napoleon had brought to Egypt were stranded.
Napoleon then left his army and sailed back to France, evading detection by British ships. Given its strategic importance, some historians regard Nelson's achievement at the Nile as the most significant of his career, even greater than that at Trafalgar seven years later. Nelson wrote dispatches to the Admiralty and oversaw temporary repairs to the Vanguard , before sailing to Naples where he was met with enthusiastic celebrations. Jervis himself had begun to grow concerned about reports of Nelson's behaviour, but in early October word of Nelson's victory had reached London.
The City of London awarded Nelson and his captains swords, whilst the King ordered them to be presented with special medals. Instead, Nelson received the title Baron Nelson of the Nile. Nelson was dismayed by Spencer's decision, and declared that he would rather have received no title than that of a mere barony. He made frequent visits to attend functions in his honour, or to tour nearby attractions with Emma, with whom he had by now fallen deeply in love, almost constantly at his side. Despite enjoying his lifestyle in Naples, Nelson began to think of returning to England, [] but King Ferdinand of Naples, after a long period of pressure from his wife Maria Carolina of Austria and Sir William Hamilton, finally agreed to declare war on France.
The Neapolitan army, led by the Austrian General Mack and supported by Nelson's fleet, retook Rome from the French in late November, but the French regrouped outside the city and, after being reinforced, routed the Neapolitans.
The Origins of Contemporary France: The Modern Regime, vol. I | Online Library of Liberty
In disarray, the Neapolitan army fled back to Naples, with the pursuing French close behind. The evacuation got under way on 23 December and sailed through heavy gales before reaching the safety of Palermo on 26 December. With the departure of the Royal Family, Naples descended into anarchy and news reached Palermo in January that the French had entered the city under General Championnet and proclaimed the Parthenopaean Republic.
In late June Ruffo's army entered Naples, forcing the French and their supporters to withdraw to the city's fortifications as rioting and looting broke out amongst the ill-disciplined Neapolitan troops. Nelson arrived off Naples on 24 June to find the treaty put into effect. His subsequent role is still controversial. Nelson then had the transports seized. Caracciolo was tried by royalist Neapolitan officers and sentenced to death. Caracciolo was hanged aboard the Neapolitan frigate Minerva at 5 o'clock the same afternoon.
In , Nelson opposed the mistreatment of slaves held in Portuguese galleys off Palermo and intervened to secure their release. Nelson petitioned the Portuguese commander Marquiz de Niza, 'as a friend, as an English admiral — as a favour to me, as a favour to my country — that you will give me the Slaves'. The marquis acquiesced to the unusual request, allowing twenty-four slaves to be pulled across to Bonne Citoyenne, their blessings to their English saviour then ringing out across the harbour as their names were added to the sloop's already crowded muster book.
Nelson returned to Palermo in August and in September became the senior officer in the Mediterranean after Jervis' successor Lord Keith left to chase the French and Spanish fleets into the Atlantic. You will be more likely to recover your health and strength in England than in any inactive situation at a foreign Court, however pleasing the respect and gratitude shown to you for your services may be. The recall of Sir William Hamilton to Britain was a further incentive for Nelson to return, although he and the Hamiltons initially sailed from Naples on a brief cruise around Malta aboard the Foudroyant in April It was on this voyage that Horatio and Emma's illegitimate daughter Horatia was probably conceived.
The Origins of Contemporary France: The Modern Regime, vol. I
Keith came to Leghorn in person to demand an explanation, and refused to be moved by the Queen's pleas to allow her to be conveyed in a British ship. They made stops at Trieste and Vienna , spending three weeks in the latter where they were entertained by the local nobility and heard the Missa in Angustiis by Haydn that now bears Nelson's name. He then made his way to London, arriving on 9 November. He attended court and was guest of honour at a number of banquets and balls. During this period Fanny Nelson and Emma Hamilton met for the first time; Nelson was reported as being cold and distant to his wife and his attention to Emma became the subject of gossip.
Events came to a head around Christmas, when according to Nelson's solicitor, Fanny issued an ultimatum on whether he was to choose her or Emma. Nelson replied:.
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I love you sincerely but I cannot forget my obligations to Lady Hamilton or speak of her otherwise than with affection and admiration. The two never lived together again. On 29 January , Emma gave birth to their daughter, Horatia. On their arrival, Parker was inclined to blockade Denmark and control the entrance to the Baltic, but Nelson urged a pre-emptive attack on the Danish fleet at harbour in Copenhagen.
Parker himself would wait in the Kattegat , covering Nelson's fleet in case of the arrival of the Swedish or Russian fleets. On the morning of 2 April , Nelson began to advance into Copenhagen harbour. The battle began badly for the British, with HMS Agamemnon , Bellona and Russell running aground, and the rest of the fleet encountering heavier fire from the Danish shore batteries than had been anticipated.
Parker sent the signal for Nelson to withdraw, reasoning:. I will make the signal for recall for Nelson's sake. If he is in a condition to continue the action he will disregard it; if he is not, it will be an excuse for his retreat and no blame can be attached to him. Keep your eyes fixed on him.
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I have a right to be blind sometimes. At length Nelson dispatched a letter to the Danish commander, Crown Prince Frederick , calling for a truce, which the Prince accepted. Satisfied with the outcome of the expedition, he returned to England, arriving on 1 July. In France, Napoleon was massing forces to invade Great Britain.
Reporting the First World War in the Liminal Zone
After a brief spell in London, where he again visited the Hamiltons, Nelson was placed in charge of defending the English Channel to prevent the invasion. On 30 October Nelson spoke in support of the Addington government in the House of Lords, and afterwards made regular visits to attend sessions.
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Nelson often found himself received as a hero and was the centre of celebrations and events held in his honour. In January , Nelson appeared as a character witness in the treason trial of a former comrade in arms, Colonel Edward Despard. Despard, who had been moving in radical circles in London--a member both of the London Corresponding Society and the United Irishmen --was the alleged ringleader of conspiracy to assassinate the King and seize the Tower of London , the so-called Despard Plot.
In court Nelson recollected his service with Despard in the Caribbean during the American War: "We went on the Spanish Main together; we slept many nights together in our clothes upon the ground; we have measured the height of the enemies walls together. In all that period of time no man could have shewn more zealous attachment to his Sovereign and his Country".
Under cross-examination, however, Nelson had to concede to having "lost sight of Despard for the last twenty years. Nelson directed a further plea for clemency to the Prime Minister, Henry Addington , who was later to tell him "he and his family had sat up after supper, weeping over the letter". He joined her at Portsmouth, where he received orders to sail to Malta and take command of a squadron there before joining the blockade of Toulon.
He was promoted to Vice Admiral of the White while still at sea, on 23 April Nelson set off in pursuit but after searching the eastern Mediterranean he learned that the French had been blown back into Toulon. Nelson gave chase, but after arriving in the Caribbean, spent June in a fruitless search for the fleet. Villeneuve had briefly cruised around the islands before heading back to Europe, in contravention of Napoleon's orders.
British and American Eyewitness Accounts from the Western Front
He entertained a number of his friends and relations there over the coming month, and began plans for a grand engagement with the enemy fleet, one that would surprise his foes by forcing a pell-mell battle on them. Wellington was waiting to be debriefed on his Indian operations, and Nelson on his chase and future plans. Wellington later recalled, "He Nelson entered at once into conversation with me, if I can call it conversation, for it was almost all on his side and all about himself and, in reality, a style so vain and so silly as to surprise and almost disgust me.